Neophron percnopterus

The Egyptian Vulture is classified as Critically Endangered (CR) due to the drastic decrease in population size and range. The rate of decline of both these parameters is estimated to exceed 80% over three generations (42 years). In the previous edition of the Red Book (2002), it was classified as Vulnerable (VU). The change in the status of the species reflects the deterioration in its population state and the decrease from about 100 nesting pairs in the early 2000s to about 50 pairs today.

Habitats	Desert Cliffs, Mediterranean Cliffs, Mountainous Terrain
Presence In Israel	Summer Breeder
Nesting In Israel	Breeder
Migration Types	Long Range
Zoography Zones	Mediterranean, Saharo-Arabian, Sudano-Zambezian
Landscape Formations	Mountainous, Cliffs
Vegetation Densities	Low, Medium
Nest Locations	Cliffs
Diet Types	Carrion
Foraging Grounds	Ground
Body Sizes	Large (over 1000g)
Threat Factors	Powerline Interactions, Human Settlements in Gorges, Hiking & Climbing, Pesticide Poisoning, Lead Poisoning, Aircraft Activity, Food Scarcity, Mortality on Migration, Direct Persecution

The Egyptian Vulture is a small, relatively delicate vulture, and the smallest vulture in our region. The body of the adult is white, and the contrast between the white body and wing coverts and the black primaries is prominent. Its yellow head is featherless with a long slender beak tipped black. With its delicate beak, the Egyptian Vulture tears off small pieces of meat between the bones of carcasses. It also hunts insects and other small animals and gathers trash. The Egyptian Vulture is one of the only vultures that uses tools, mainly rocks to crack large eggs such as Ostrich.

A rare summer visitor to the Golan Heights, Judean Desert and the Negev. Several hundred individuals pass over during migration. In the past, it was very common and nested in all the cliff areas in Israel, and groups of tens and hundreds of birds could be seen at trash dumps and on carcasses throughout the country. The breeding population in Israel winters in East Africa.

Mountainous cliff landscapes in a variety of climatic regions. Outside the nesting season, it occupies open, flat habitats and sometimes feeds in trash dumps and near human habitations. The nest itself is usually hidden in caves and alcoves in rocky cliffs.

The status change of the Egyptian Vulture has been dramatic, from very common to rare. The decline has been gradual and continuous. In the 1960s, it disappeared as a breeder from Mt. Carmel, in the 1980s from the Western Galilee and Eastern Samaria, and in the 2000s from the Eastern Galilee. In the late 1980s close to 150 breeding pairs were recorded, while today the population is estimated at some 45 to 60 pairs, most of them in the Negev and the Judean Desert.

The Egyptian Vulture has been adversely affected by a number of threats in Israel, among them electrocution, secondary poisoning (including lead poisoning), nesting site disturbance and diminishing food sources. The breeding population in Israel winters in East Africa, where it has also been impacted, apparently mainly by poisoning and electrocution.

In Israel, extensive efforts are invested in preserving and rehabilitating the Egyptian Vulture population. These include:
Establishing a captive breeding nucleus and releasing juvenile birds into nature.
Restricting low flying aircraft in nesting areas.
Removing cattle carcasses from pastures to prevent vulture poisoning from veterinary medications.
Efforts to prevent Egyptian Vulture poisoning by agricultural pesticides.

The Egyptian Vulture is a migratory species that was very common up to a few decades ago, and has become rare and endangered throughout its global range. In Israel considerable efforts are invested to rehabilitate the population, however, because it is a migratory species, conservation is complex and requires international cooperation and action in its breeding grounds as well as in its wintering areas in Africa.

In addition to the conservation measures being implemented, the use of lead shot for hunting should be banned to prevent Egyptian Vulture poisoning from lead accumulation in all levels of the ecosystem. Because the Egyptian Vulture is a migratory species, conservation is complex and requires international cooperation.

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